chore: clean up superproject structure
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Move content to correct locations: - AGENTS.md → .agents/AGENTS.md (with orchestrator reference update) - third_party/docs/ (8 reference docs) → wiki/concepts/ - manuals/ (12 Node-RED docs) → wiki/manuals/ Delete 23 unreferenced one-off scripts from scripts/ (keeping 5 active). Delete stale Dockerfile.e2e, docker-compose.e2e.yml, test/e2e/. Remove empty third_party/ directory. Root is now: README, CLAUDE.md, LICENSE, package.json, Makefile, Dockerfile, docker-compose.yml, docker/, scripts/ (5), nodes/, wiki/, plus dotfiles (.agents, .claude, .gitea). Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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wiki/concepts/asm-models.md
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wiki/concepts/asm-models.md
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# Activated Sludge Models (ASM1, ASM2d, ASM3)
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> **Used by**: `biological-process-engineer` agent, `reactor` node, `monster` node
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> **Validation**: Verified against IWA publications, WaterTAP documentation, and peer-reviewed literature
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## ASM1 — Activated Sludge Model No. 1
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**Source**: Henze, M., Grady, C.P.L., Gujer, W., Marais, G.v.R., Matsuo, T. (1987). IAWPRC Task Group on Mathematical Modelling for Design and Operation of Biological Wastewater Treatment.
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**Published**: IWA Scientific and Technical Report No. 1
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### 13 Components (State Variables)
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| Symbol | Description | Type |
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|--------|-------------|------|
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| S_I | Soluble inert organic matter | Soluble |
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| S_S | Readily biodegradable substrate | Soluble |
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| X_I | Particulate inert organic matter | Particulate |
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| X_S | Slowly biodegradable substrate | Particulate |
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| X_B,H | Active heterotrophic biomass | Particulate |
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| X_B,A | Active autotrophic biomass | Particulate |
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| X_P | Particulate products from biomass decay | Particulate |
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| S_O | Dissolved oxygen | Soluble |
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| S_NO | Nitrate and nitrite nitrogen | Soluble |
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| S_NH | Ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) | Soluble |
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| S_ND | Soluble biodegradable organic nitrogen | Soluble |
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| X_ND | Particulate biodegradable organic nitrogen | Particulate |
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| S_ALK | Alkalinity (molar units) | Soluble |
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### 8 Processes
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1. **Aerobic growth of heterotrophs**: S_S + S_O + S_NH → X_B,H (Monod kinetics)
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2. **Anoxic growth of heterotrophs**: S_S + S_NO + S_NH → X_B,H (denitrification)
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3. **Aerobic growth of autotrophs**: S_NH + S_O → X_B,A + S_NO (nitrification)
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4. **Decay of heterotrophs**: X_B,H → X_P + X_S (death-regeneration concept)
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5. **Decay of autotrophs**: X_B,A → X_P + X_S
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6. **Ammonification of soluble organic nitrogen**: S_ND → S_NH
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7. **Hydrolysis of entrapped organics**: X_S → S_S
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8. **Hydrolysis of entrapped organic nitrogen**: X_ND → S_ND
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### Key Kinetic Parameters (default values at 20°C)
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| Parameter | Symbol | Default | Unit | Description |
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|-----------|--------|---------|------|-------------|
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| Max. heterotrophic growth rate | μ_H | 6.0 | d⁻¹ | |
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| Half-saturation (substrate) | K_S | 20.0 | g COD/m³ | |
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| Half-saturation (oxygen, het.) | K_O,H | 0.2 | g O₂/m³ | |
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| Half-saturation (nitrate) | K_NO | 0.5 | g NO₃-N/m³ | |
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| Heterotrophic decay rate | b_H | 0.62 | d⁻¹ | |
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| Max. autotrophic growth rate | μ_A | 0.8 | d⁻¹ | |
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| Half-saturation (ammonia) | K_NH | 1.0 | g NH₃-N/m³ | |
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| Half-saturation (oxygen, aut.) | K_O,A | 0.4 | g O₂/m³ | |
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| Autotrophic decay rate | b_A | 0.05 | d⁻¹ | |
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| Anoxic reduction factor | η_g | 0.8 | — | |
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| Hydrolysis rate | k_h | 3.0 | g X_S/(g X_B,H · d) | |
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| Yield (heterotrophic) | Y_H | 0.67 | g COD/g COD | |
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| Yield (autotrophic) | Y_A | 0.24 | g COD/g N | |
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| Fraction to X_P | f_P | 0.08 | — | |
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### Temperature Correction
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Arrhenius-type: k(T) = k(20) · θ^(T-20)
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Common θ values:
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- Heterotrophic growth: θ = 1.072
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- Autotrophic growth: θ = 1.103 (nitrifiers are very temperature-sensitive)
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- Decay: θ = 1.04
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### Presentation Format
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The model is presented in the **Petersen matrix** (also called Gujer matrix) format, where rows are processes and columns are components. Each cell contains the stoichiometric coefficient for how a process affects a component.
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## ASM2d — Activated Sludge Model No. 2d
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**Source**: Henze, M., Gujer, W., Mino, T., Matsuo, T., Wentzel, M.C., Marais, G.v.R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (1999)
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**Published**: IWA Scientific and Technical Report No. 3; also Water Science & Technology 39(1), 165-182
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### Key Extensions over ASM1
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- Adds **biological phosphorus removal** by phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs)
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- Includes **denitrifying PAOs** (simultaneous P-removal and denitrification)
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- 19 components, 21 processes
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- Models storage of poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHA) and polyphosphate (poly-P) by PAOs
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- Includes fermentation of readily biodegradable substrate
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### Additional Components (beyond ASM1)
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- S_F: Fermentable, readily biodegradable substrate
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- S_A: Fermentation products (acetate)
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- S_PO4: Soluble ortho-phosphate
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- X_PAO: Phosphorus accumulating organisms
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- X_PP: Poly-phosphate stored by PAOs
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- X_PHA: Poly-hydroxy-alkanoates stored by PAOs
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## ASM3 — Activated Sludge Model No. 3
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**Source**: Gujer, W., Henze, M., Mino, T., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (1999); updated in Henze et al. (2001)
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**Published**: IWA Scientific and Technical Report No. 9
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### Key Differences from ASM1
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- **Replaces death-regeneration** with endogenous respiration (conceptually simpler)
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- **Introduces storage polymers** (X_STO) for heterotrophic biomass — substrate is first stored, then used for growth
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- 13 state variables, 12 reactions
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- More suitable for dynamic simulation and control applications
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- Eliminates the problematic simultaneous storage/growth ambiguity in ASM1
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### Storage-Based Metabolism
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In ASM3, heterotrophs first store readily biodegradable substrate as internal storage products (X_STO), then grow on these stored products. This two-step process better reflects observed biological behavior.
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## Choosing Between Models
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| Criterion | ASM1 | ASM2d | ASM3 |
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|-----------|------|-------|------|
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| Carbon & nitrogen | Yes | Yes | Yes |
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| Phosphorus removal | No | Yes | Via separate Bio-P module |
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| Computational cost | Low | High | Medium |
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| Calibration effort | Low | High | Medium |
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| Best for | Carbon/N only WWTPs | Bio-P plants | Dynamic control |
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## Authoritative References
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1. Henze, M. et al. (1987). "Activated Sludge Model No. 1" — IAWPRC Scientific and Technical Report No. 1
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2. Henze, M. et al. (1995). "Activated Sludge Model No. 2" — IAWQ Scientific and Technical Report No. 3
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3. Henze, M. et al. (1999). "Activated Sludge Model No. 2d" — Water Sci. Technol. 39(1), 165-182
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4. Gujer, W. et al. (1999). "Activated Sludge Model No. 3" — Water Sci. Technol. 39(1), 183-193
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5. Henze, M. et al. (2000). "Activated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d and ASM3" — IWA Publishing, ISBN 9781900222242
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6. Jeppsson, U. (1996). "Modelling Aspects of Wastewater Treatment Processes" — Lund University PhD thesis (comprehensive ASM1 parameter listing)
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